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Mapping Electrode Misalignment in Cylindrical Cells with Tescan Micro-CT

High-resolution X-ray tomography uncovers subtle but critical anode overhang variations — helping battery developers align performance with safety standards.

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Uncovering the Impact of Electrode Overhang on Battery Reliability

 In lithium-ion batteries, precise alignment between cathode and anode layers is more than a manufacturing target — it’s a safety requirement. In cylindrical cell formats like 18650 or 21700, even slight deviations in anode overhang can compromise performance, accelerate degradation, or introduce risk of thermal failure and the potential for fire.

This application note highlights how Tescan UniTOM XL micro-CT allows engineers to quantify overhang and related geometric variations across fully assembled cells. With 3D visualization and angle-resolved segmentation, Tescan’s workflow enables proactive design validation and tolerance optimization before failure occurs.

Why Study Anode Overhang

with Tescan?

01
Root of the Problem

Why Electrode Alignment Defines Battery Safety Margins

The anode in cylindrical lithium-ion batteries is intentionally wider than the cathode, creating a designed buffer zone known as the anode overhang. This feature supports ion transfer and safety under normal operation. But if the overhang becomes inconsistent or exceeds design tolerances, localized current density may rise, increasing the risk of short circuits or lithium plating.

Poor control over this parameter not only reduces efficiency — it introduces real safety risks. Yet, due to the cell’s enclosed design, this overhang has traditionally been difficult to inspect without destroying the battery. That’s where non-destructive micro-CT comes in.

02
Materials and Methods

Non-Destructive Imaging of Anode Overhang in Assembled Cylindrical Cells

An 18650-format lithium-ion cell was scanned using Tescan UniTOM XL at a spatial resolution of 15 µm voxel size. The full internal electrode stack was reconstructed in 3D using VGSTUDIO MAX, and the overhang region was segmented based on spatial position relative to the cathode sheets.

Image analysis tools enabled both linear measurements and exit-angle evaluations, allowing the overhang to be color-coded and mapped across the full stack geometry. This provided a comprehensive spatial dataset without altering or opening the cell.

03
Results and Discussion

Measuring Overhang Lengths, Exit Angles, and Geometry Trends

3D visualization of the reconstructed cell revealed clear overhang zones, with lengths varying measurably across the cylindrical stack. Figure 1 shows the overhang volume in yellow, emphasizing how even small geometric shifts are captured non-destructively. The software also enabled exit-angle classification, highlighting where the anode curved away from its ideal position.

These deviations are subtle but significant. They can influence how current paths form during cycling. By providing both quantitative and spatially resolved data, this workflow gives engineers the insight needed to refine electrode design rules and catch early-stage misalignments before they turn into performance bottlenecks or failure points.

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Tescan Instruments & Technology

Used in This Workflow

Tescan UniTOM XL

Tescan UniTOM XL enables full-volume, high-resolution scans of lithium-ion batteries — ideal for structural inspection, defect localization, and dimensional validation.

  • Supports large samples, from cylindrical to pouch and prismatic cells
  • High-resolution imaging with voxel sizes down to the single-micron range
  • Compatible with VGSTUDIO MAX and Panthera™ for advanced segmentation 
MICRO_UniTOM_XL_1-2

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Where can you find us:

Tescan Brno
Libušina třída 21
623 00 Brno
Czech Republic

info@Tescan.com